Tuesday, February 22, 2022

Waymo by the bay - btbirkett@gmail.com - Gmail

Waymo by the bay - btbirkett@gmail.com - Gmail

Welcome to the Hyperdrive daily briefing, decoding the revolution reshaping the auto world, from EVs to self-driving cars and beyond. You can read today’s newsletter on the web here

News Briefs

Envisioning an Autonomous Future

They say seeing is believing. On a brisk and sunny February morning, a ride around San Francisco in a Waymo fully autonomous vehicle and a walk around the company’s depot was indeed eye-opening.

I’m Ryan Fisher, and along with my colleague Andrew Grant, we saw a trip to the West Coast for BloombergNEF’s San Francisco summit as a chance for some on-the-ground research. Once our work at the conference was complete, we headed to the Bayview district to see Waymo’s operation in action.

The autonomous-driving company spun-off by Google parent Alphabet operates a pilot ride-hailing service in the city, with a few hundred autonomous vehicles. So one of the first things you notice upon arrival at the depot is the cars buzzing around, including Jaguar I-Pace electric vehicles and Chrysler Pacifica plug-in hybrids. All are fully kitted-out with an array of sensors, including a 360-degree lidar system.

The Waymo depot in San Francisco’s Bayview district. ​​​​​

Source: Ryan Fisher, BNEF

First, we hopped into one of the vehicles for a ride. The 15-minute journey was unremarkable and the experience was not dissimilar from calling for and riding in an Uber. Some details did jump out at us as a sign of just how much car companies and dealerships especially will be impacted by the rise of AVs. It struck us as symbolic that the Jaguar leaper badge on the electric I-Pace is covered by an array of cameras with the Waymo logo, highlighting the tension between the two brands as automakers try not to be eaten by a bigger system integrator and simply become a manufacturer of hardware on wheels.

The I-Pace is a stylish vehicle designed to be driven but it is not an optimal vehicle for a robotaxi service (Waymo and Jaguar announced their long-term strategic partnership back in 2018). The fit in the back seat alongside my colleague and the Waymo representative was snug. The dimensions of AVs are likely to be redesigned in the future to fit the purpose of the vehicle. Ride-hailing leaders Didi and Uber have enlisted the help of established automakers in doing so. Without a driver and potentially a steering wheel, there’s more space to work with. A center console in the I-Pace offers the opportunity to play your own music — it’s easy to imagine it as a console for video content or shopping and gaming appearing on bigger and better positioned screens.

The journey got us thinking about the feasibility of AV ownership models and which would be best for automakers. The Tesla thesis is that its Full Self-Driving capable vehicles will one day be upgraded to fully fledged robotaxis and individual owners will be able to offer rides to users over a ride-hailing platform. Robotaxi developers like Waymo and its General Motors-backed rival Cruise are operating on a centralized vehicle ownership model. Cruise, for example, has signed an agreement with Dubai’s Roads and Transport Authority to be the exclusive provider for self-driving taxis and ride-hailing services through 2029.

Each of these approaches presents challenges. Can Tesla safely bring the technology to market while using ordinary drivers for testing and will it be possible to make the technology cheap enough for personal ownership? Especially when the industry is converging around expensive lidar technology over the camera-only vision system which Tesla currently uses. For ventures like Waymo that are attempting a centralized vehicle ownership model, can the company continue to keep up with the high capital requirements while at the same time solving the intricacies of computer vision algorithms and the less-discussed but highly challenging details of operating a ride-hailing service?

Despite the significant progress in mapping cities, deploying fleets for consumer trials and winning the approval of local regulators, AVs will continue to achieve progress mostly through trial and error. It takes lots of work and capital to deploy successfully in any single city or district and slowly expanding the geo-fenced areas of operations. This is a major reason why BloombergNEF’s long-term outlook for road transport shows fully autonomous vehicles taking until 2035 to surpass 1% of all car sales. 

After 2035, sales are expected to quickly grow to over 10% of all car sales by 2040. Due to the extensive usage of the vehicles, AVs will account for over 15% of total electricity demand of the passenger electric vehicle fleet. This rapid growth in electricity demand will have implications for the charging infrastructure sector.

The Waymo depot in San Francisco has one of the largest charging installations in the city, with 19 DC charging stations offering over 2 megawatts of total load, enough to power 1,000 to 2,000 homes. Upon inspection, the cars are charging at only 30kW, most likely as a way to limit battery degradation. In 15 years, we don’t see the depots looking quite like this one. To reduce labor costs the chargers will either have robotic arms to plug in the cables or wireless charging pads embedded in the ground. The latter is something Jaguar is already testing, working with Momentum Dynamics and ordinary taxis in Oslo.

Jaguar, working with Momentum Dynamics, is testing wireless charging pads embedded in the ground.

Source: Momentum Dynamics

To reduce infrastructure costs AVs will likely utilize a specific network of depot and community charging stations. A shared charger is a cheap charger. A strategically placed distributed network can also reduce the size of the battery since vehicles will be able to top up throughout the day.

The change in charging requirements for the rapidly growing global AV fleet in the mid-2030s from the ordinary passenger electric fleet also points to the threat of redundancy to other charging infrastructure in the network that may have been installed only a few years earlier. This highlights the importance of sites, particularly those being installed in cities around the 2030s, needing to be suitable for AVs and the chargers having the ability to be retrofitted to meet the vehicles’ specific charging needs.

There’s been a lot of talk in recent years about the slow adoption of AVs, but the impression, after the visit to the Waymo depot, is that real progress is being made. The path to large-scale adoption remains unclear, but with more companies opening their autonomous vehicle programs to the public, perhaps you will also experience a ride soon.

Friday, February 18, 2022

Exclusive: The secret history of Pence’s Jan. 6 argument - btbirkett@gmail.com - Gmail

Exclusive: The secret history of Pence’s Jan. 6 argument - btbirkett@gmail.com - Gmail


POLITICO Playbook

BY RYAN LIZZA

Presented by

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DRIVING THE DAY

RUSSIA-UKRAINE LATEST —“Russia to stage nuclear drills with Ukraine tensions high,” by AP’s Vladimir Isachenkov, Yuras Karmanau and Darlene Superville in Kyiv

— Meanwhile, President JOE BIDEN this afternoon will speak with the leaders of France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Romania, the U.K., the EU and NATO, per ABC News.

THE PLAYBOOK INTERVIEW — On Wednesday, we spent three hours talking to one of the most influential conservative legal thinkers of his generation: J. MICHAEL LUTTIG.

— As a staffer in the GEORGE H.W. BUSH White House, Luttig helped put CLARENCE THOMAS on the Supreme Court.

— As a federal judge, he authored some of the most consequential decisions of the post-9/11 era, including a defense of the federal government’s authority to designate alleged terrorists as “enemy combatants.”

— In 2005, he was the runner-up to be GEORGE W. BUSH’s choice to fill a vacancy on the Supreme Court. (DICK CHENEY favored him, HARRY REID threatened a filibuster, and Bush gave the job to Luttig’s good friend, JOHN ROBERTS.)

More recently, Luttig played a key behind-the-scenes role during the Trump administration. He was considered as a possible FBI director, and strategized with his old friend BILL BARR when both men were considered as replacements for A.G. JEFF SESSIONS. In the end, Luttig never served DONALD TRUMP: His wife told him she would leave him if he did.

Like a lot of conservatives, Luttig watched the Trump administration unfold with growing dismay. But he remained quiet.

Then, Trump used the Electoral Count Act, an obscure 19th-century law, to try to convince then-VP MIKE PENCE that he had the ability to overturn their loss to JOE BIDEN and KAMALA HARRIS. The legal strategist behind Trump’s effort was well known to Luttig: JOHN EASTMAN was one of his many influential former law clerks.

Eastman, despite his reputation now, was respected on the right. Pence needed someone with even more clout to convince conservatives that Eastman’s scheme was a crackpot idea.

They needed Luttig.

The full story of how Pence world recruited the former judge to provide the legal arguments for Pence’s actions on Jan. 6 is told here for the first time in the latest episode of our “Playbook Deep Dive” podcast.

A quote from J. Michael Luttig is pictured.

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Here’s a key excerpt, edited for clarity and length:

Luttig: I was first called by the vice president’s outside counsel, RICHARD CULLEN, on the evening of Jan. 4. We now know that that was after the fateful Oval Office meeting that day between the president and vice president, where John Eastman made the argument that the vice president could overturn the election unilaterally as presiding officer. …

He called the night of the 4th and says, “Hey Judge, what do you know about John Eastman?” And I said, “He was a clerk of mine 30 years ago.” He says, “Well, what else do you know?” I said, “I don’t know. John’s an academic, he’s a professor, he’s a constitutional scholar — and he’s a brilliant constitutional scholar.” …

Richard said, “You don’t know, do you?” And I said, “Know what?” He said, “John’s advising the president and the vice president that the vice president has this authority [to reject electoral votes] on Jan. 6” — two days hence. And I said, “Wow, no, I did not know that. You can tell the vice president that I said that he has no such authority at all.” Richard said, “He knows that,” I said “OK,” and we hung up. …

I got up the next morning … I’m having my coffee, and Richard calls — which is not unusual. But the call was unusual. He said, “Judge, can you help the vice president?” And I said, “Sure, what does he need?”

He said, “Well, we don’t know what he needs.” And I said, “What do you mean you don’t know what he needs? Then why are you calling me?” He said, “Look, this is serious.” I said, “OK, I understand. What do you want?” He’s talking with MARC SHORT and the vice president. And he says, “We need to do something publicly, get your voice out to the country.” … Just try to put yourself in my position. I had not a clue [what to do]. …

He called back … and I said, “Alright, I opened a Twitter account a couple of weeks ago, but I don't know how to use it.” He said, “Perfect.” And I said, “I told you: I don’t know how to use it.” He said, “Figure it out and get this done.” So I called my tech son, who works for PETER THIEL, and said, “How do I tweet something more than 180 characters long?”

Ryan LizzaWait a second … The vice president is being pressured by the president of the United States to overturn the results of the election. And you’re the go-to legal mind who’s respected among Republicans that the vice president is looking to to essentially stop a coup. Do I have that right?

Luttig: To answer the question you’re asking: I understood the gravity of the moment and the momentous task that I was being asked to help the vice president with. I had been following all of this very closely in the days leading up to it. It was then — and may forever be — one of the most significant moments in American history. I’m a cutup, but I’m deadly serious when the time comes, and that day, I was as serious as I can possibly be.

LizzaBut first, you’ve got to learn how to tweet.

Luttig: So my son says, “Dad, I don’t have time for this. You’ve got to learn this stuff on your own.” To which I said something like, “Just tell me right now how to get this done, or I’ll cut you out of the will.” … So I go down to my office, and I open up the [Twitter] instructions on my laptop and I copy and paste what I’ve written on my iPhone into my laptop … I read and reread it multiple times, and then I take a deep breath and I hit “tweet.” …

LizzaThe vice president cited your legal analysis on Jan. 6 in his famous letter explaining what his responsibilities and authorities were that day.

Luttig: Yes, that might be the greatest honor of my life. But it came to my attention in the least auspicious way. I got two back-to-back emails on [Jan.] 6 from two of my clerks … They said, “The vice president is on his way to the Capitol, and he cited you in his letter to the nation.” … That’s the first time that I ever knew what was to happen with the tweet from the day before. No one had ever told me that. … I was floored …

The vice president called me the next morning to thank me . … And I said to the vice president that it was the highest honor of my life that he had asked me, and I will be grateful to him for the remainder of my life.

Click here to listen to the full conversation, including details of Luttig’s latest legal crusade: convincing Republican senators to reform the Electoral Count Act so a repeat of Jan. 6 can never happen.

TOP-ED — “Our Democracy Shouldn’t Rest on a Rickety Law,” by Sen. SUSAN COLLINS (R-Maine) writing about the Electoral Count Act in the NYT. Her concluding paragraph: “We do not know if we will succeed, but we are trying to fix a serious problem. The senators working on this legislation have philosophical, regional and political differences. When we disagree, we attempt to persuade one another — we cajole, haggle and even argue — but we do so with an eye on a common goal. That is the way it is supposed to work in a democracy. Maybe we could refer to the process as ‘legitimate political discourse.’”

Thursday, February 17, 2022

London Wealth Manager Dolphin Collapse Draws Attention to U.K. Investor Visa - Bloomberg

London Wealth Manager Dolphin Collapse Draws Attention to U.K. Investor Visa - Bloomberg

The building formerly housing Dolfin Financial offices on Berkeley Street in London.

The building formerly housing Dolfin Financial offices on Berkeley Street in London.Source: Google Street View

By

Lucca De Paoli

 and Jonathan Browning

February 17, 2022, 1:00 AM GMT

Share this article

The meeting above the Virgin Active gym across the street from the Museum of London on Sept. 2 was raucous and contentious even for a creditor gathering of a company gone bust.

Accountants winding down U.K. wealth management firm Dolfin Financial faced more than 50 of its affluent, angry Chinese clients shouting and hectoring them, many in Mandarin, three people present at the meeting said. Dolfin had gotten them “golden visas” for U.K. stays of about three-and-a-half years in exchange for investments, using ways being questioned by the Financial Conduct Authority. Fearing their visas could be revoked, they demanded documents proving the validity of their investments.

 

For Dolfin, the meeting was another ugly chapter in a saga that has brought about its downfall. In March last year, the FCA barred it from nearly all regulated activities, restrictions that pushed it into administration. The regulator has been examining Dolfin’s practices since at least 2019 over concerns about its visa business and potential conflicts of interest.  

 

Dolfin used a complicated series of transactions that allowed wealthy Chinese clients pay just 400,000 pounds ($542,000) for Tier-1 Investor Visas that by law require an investment of at least 2 million pounds, according to an FCA supervisory notice. The firm’s administrators told creditors on Jan. 28 that the FCA’s investigation is ongoing. A spokeswoman for the regulator declined to comment. 

With the fate of the Chinese investors in limbo, the Dolfin case once again drew attention to the U.K.’s Tier-1 Investor Visas, showing how easily the system can be manipulated. For years, as the program was mostly used by rich Russians and members of the the ruling elites of former Soviet republics, campaigners protested that such visas are a route for dirty money to enter the U.K. 

Now, amid concerns about the influence of Russian money, Britain is preparing to end the golden-visa regime, a person familiar with the matter said on Wednesday. 

Related News: U.K. Plans to Scrap Golden Visa Route for Millionaire Investors

The U.K. has delivered at least 12,000 such visas since the system’s inception in 1994. About 6,000 are being reviewed for national security risks, William Wallace, a lawmaker in the House of Lords, said in parliament last week.

“We have imported corruption and with it the danger that corrupt overseas wealth will in turn corrupt our own society and democracy,” Wallace said as he pushed the government to publish its audit of older visas.

Related Story: ‘Londongrad’ Undermines U.K.’s Tough Talk on Russia Sanctions

For Dolfin, the visa service was an exotic side businesses. Founded in 2013 by Denis Nagy and Roman Joukovski, with offices a stone’s throw from the Ritz Hotel in central London, Dolfin offered main-line financial services, including at one point providing advice to ex-Goldman Sachs economist and British peer Jim O’Neill’s blind trust and offering “discretionary” management services for clients with assets held by Credit Suisse Group AG. The visa business, however, was its undoing.

The FCA in its supervisory notice to Dolfin said the firm’s “visa business was so clearly unlikely to comply with Tier 1 visa requirements that Dolfin would appear to have known, or at the very least had reasonable cause to believe, that it was facilitating the commission of a breach.”

Adam Stephens, a joint special administrator for Dolfin, said he cannot comment on investigations into the firm’s past business activities. Dolfin’s co-founders Nagy and Joukovski declined to comment on the record on the FCA’s findings.

“Mr Joukovski and Mr Nagy had no material involvement in the FCA investigation which gave rise to the conclusions set out in the FCA Supervisory Notice,” a spokeswoman for them said in an email. She said as far as the co-founders are aware, “the visa scheme was in full compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.”

The Chinese investors who got their visas through Dolfin say they believed the process was legitimate. The Home Office is still scrutinizing their visas, but for now they can’t apply for an extension or an indefinite leave to remain. 

Dolfin marketed its visa services to these clients offering five options code-named “Jade,” “Gold,” “Silver,” “Platinum” and “Palladium” that used a convoluted set of transactions to secure golden visas with less than the required amount of investment, the FCA supervisory notice says.

Like many firms catering to global elites, Dolfin drew in clients with an office that exuded grandeur and legitimacy. It was in a building on Berkeley Street that houses some of the biggest names in global investing, including hedge funds Millennium Capital Partners and King Street Capital Management and private equity titan Bain Capital. The top-floor office Dolfin occupied until 2021 was impressive for a firm that lost 1.4 million pounds in 2019.

 

In a slick video on YouTube entitled “The future of finance today” a few years ago, Nagy went over the genesis of the firm that had rapidly grown into a company with more than 100 employees. Staffers made cameo appearances, talking about the “dynamic” environment, with shots of views from the office over Mayfair stretching all the way to the iconic BT Tower. 

The glowing presentation belied the often chaotic goings-on at the firm. Compliance was something of a revolving door, according to former employees of the firm. Some said they were horrified by the shortcuts management took in regulated activities, quitting before their own reputations took a hit. The co-founders’ spokeswoman said Dolfin’s operations were in line with FCA regulations.

In the visa business, Dolfin had 97 clients -- all from China and its semi-autonomous regions. Here’s how its most-popular “gold” option worked, according to the FCA’s supervisory notice: 

First, the visa applicant gets a family member to act as the owner and sole director of a special purpose vehicle set up in an offshore jurisdiction like the British Virgin Islands. The SPV then “borrows” 1.6 million pounds worth of bonds from a Dolfin-affiliated company, which it then sells to another Dolfin-connected entity for 1.6 million pounds. Next, the family member declares a dividend from the SPV of 1.6 million pounds, sending it to the applicant’s account at Dolfin. The applicant then pays 400,000 pounds into the account and asks Dolfin to invest the 2 million pounds, which the wealth manager does through securities connected to family members, directors, or other associates. 

The transactions essentially resulted in the applicant shelling out just 400,000 pounds for the visa. The scheme was retrospectively signed off by immigration lawyers, but the FCA says the lawyers weren’t told the whole story. 

Dolfin isn’t the first firm to be accused of gaming the system. Years ago, Maxwell Asset Management Ltd., another facilitator of golden visas, had a process in which it loaned money to clients with the proviso that the funds be invested in an entity called Eclectic Capital Management. Eclectic, held by the wife of Maxwell’s owner Dimitri Kirpichenko, plowed almost all that money into Russian companies rather than U.K. ones, court documents show, defeating the purpose of the investment visas.

The Home Office rejected the applications, arguing that Eclectic’s investments didn’t comply with the rules. The decision was challenged by some investors and last year the Court of Appeal accepted that the applications complied with the letter if not the spirit of the law. 

“I have not reached these conclusions with any enthusiasm,” Judge Andrew Popplewell said, ruling that the decision to deny Maxwell clients a visa was incorrect. “This result is, however, a product of the drafting of the rules.”

The Home Office is asking the U.K.’s highest court to look at the Maxwell case. Several attempts to reach Maxwell and Eclectic for a comment were unsuccessful. 

In the Dolfin case, the Home Office hasn’t sent any letters of refusal yet, according to two people familiar with the situation. Much as in the Maxwell case, the ultimate decision may lie with a court. Some of Dolfin’s clients have hired Jackson & Lyon LLP, the law firm used by the Maxwell visa applicants. The firm said it represents a number of Dolfin’s Tier 1 investors and will determine the best course of action if their visas are revoked.

The Home Office declined to comment on the Dolfin case, but a spokeswoman said the department “will not tolerate abuse of the system.”

Further complicating matters for Dolfin, the FCA said in its supervisory notice that its broadened probe -- beyond visas -- found transactions suggesting an “unacceptable risk of the Firm being used for the purposes of financial crime.” 

It revealed Dolfin’s “significant and ongoing connections” with an ultra-high net worth client who had been subject to a U.K. Unexplained Wealth Order. The client is Nurali Aliyev, the grandson of Kazakhstan’s long-time leader Nursultan Nazarbayev, according to two people familiar with the matter. SourceMaterial and openDemocracy revealed Aliyev’s identity as Dolfin’s mystery client last month.

For many U.K. lawmakers, Aliyev’s business in the country is emblematic of London’s role in the world of financial crime. 

“Britain has opened our borders, our property market, our financial structures to the Kazakh ruling class enabling them to launder their illicit wealth and to spend it,” lawmaker Margaret Hodge said in Parliament this month, calling for Aliyev to be added to the list of Kazakh elites under anti-corruption sanctions. 

Bottom of Form

She cited a Chatham House report showing that about 330 million pounds of U.K. real estate belongs to the extended Nazarbayev family. Lawyers for Aliyev didn’t respond to messages seeking comment, but in a 2020 case overturning a wealth order, Aliyev said accusations against him and his family are “entirely without merit.” Dolfin’s administrators and co-founders declined to comment on any business by the firm with Aliyev.

 

Meanwhile, some of Dolfin’s Chinese Tier-1 clients’ money appears to have been invested in companies with links to the firm’s past and present directors. For example, some of it was plowed into bonds issued by Artek Group Plc, a company owned by Nagy and Joukovski’s wife, people familiar with the matter said. The spokeswoman for Dolfin’s co-founders declined to comment on the investment. 

Unlike Dolfin, Artek is still in business. In fact, its office is on Berkeley Street, right across where Dolfin used to be. 

— With assistance by Gina Turner, Luca Casiraghi, Jeremy Hodges, and Joe Mayes


Wednesday, February 16, 2022

Roman Glass

 

https://www.christies.com/features/Roman-Glass-Collecting-Guide-12077-1.aspx?sc_lang=en&cid=EM_EMLcontent04144B95Section_A_Story_5_0&COSID=40491755&cid=DM473991&bid=298641709

How to collect Roman glass: a brief introduction

Used to make jewellery, drinking vessels, perfume bottles, vases and countless other items, Roman glass comes in an extraordinary variety of forms. Antiquities specialist Claudio Corsi explains the history of this delicate material — and the qualities to look out for

When and how was it made?

The production of glass dates back more than 4,000 years, to the Egyptian and Mesopotamian empires. It was the Romans, however, who took glass-making to new heights as an art form.

Four Roman glass vessels, circa 2nd-5th century AD. 6⅞ in (17.6 cm) high max. Sold for £5,250 on 8 December 2021 at Christie’s in London
Four Roman glass vessels, circa 2nd-5th century AD. 6⅞ in (17.6 cm) high max. Sold for £5,250 on 8 December 2021 at Christie’s in London

During the years of the Roman Republic (509-27 BC), simple vessels were created by covering a solid core in molten glass. Canes of glass could be used to create a mosaic of colours, but the process was slow and intensive and the end result thick and heavy.

However, in the middle of the 1st century BC, just as Rome was emerging as the Mediterranean’s dominant political, military and economic power, a technique pioneered by Syrian craftsmen arrived: glass-blowing. It revolutionised the industry overnight, allowing the Romans to produce glass much more quickly, at a fraction of the cost and on a huge scale.

Non-porous, odourless and with an inherent beauty, glass quickly overtook pottery to become the most popular material for drinking vessels. By the reign of Augustus (27 BC-14 AD), the production of some styles of clay cup had stopped completely.

A Roman glass bottle, circa 1st century BC-1st century AD. 4⅛ in (11 cm) high. Sold for $7,500 on 7 December 2011 at Christie’s in New York
A Roman glass bottle, circa 1st century BC-1st century AD. 4⅛ in (11 cm) high. Sold for $7,500 on 7 December 2011 at Christie’s in New York

Large-scale centres of glass production tended to be located near the sources of necessary raw materials, chiefly sand, salt and wood for the kiln, which would need to reach temperatures of more than 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

Chunks of unshaped glass known as ‘slag’, like the example below, could be traded around the empire — to cities including Rome, Jerusalem and Alexandria — for re-melting in secondary workshops by local craftsmen. The Romans also frequently recycled their glass.

A Roman glass slag, circa 1st-3rd century AD. 14 in (35.5 cm) long. Sold for $15,000 on 28 October 2019 at Christie’s in New York
A Roman glass slag, circa 1st-3rd century AD. 14 in (35.5 cm) long. Sold for $15,000 on 28 October 2019 at Christie’s in New York

Roman glass-making reached its peak in the second century AD, as the empire grew to its largest size under the reign of Trajan (98-117 AD). Over the centuries the technology used to manufacture it changed little, but styles became more regionalised.

When the first Christian emperor, Constantine, moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople in 330 AD, he granted a tax exemption to the glassworkers who joined him, which finally put an end to Italy’s dominance in glass production.

What does it look like?

‘The Romans created many novel glass designs, from elaborate flowing tableware to striking slender flasks,’ explains Antiquities specialist in Claudio Corsi.

Some of the most elaborate examples are shaped like wine barrels, fruit, helmets and fish.

A Roman glass bottle, Syro-Palestinian, circa second quarter 1st century AD. 3¼ in (8.3 cm) high. Sold for $7,500 on 5 December 2012 at Christie’s in New York
A Roman glass bottle, Syro-Palestinian, circa second quarter 1st century AD. 3¼ in (8.3 cm) high. Sold for $7,500 on 5 December 2012 at Christie’s in New York

Elaborate colour schemes were created by adding metallic oxides. For instance, iron would turn glass green, while manganese made it purple. Other common colours include blue, brown and yellow.

A Roman amber glass amphoriskos, circa 3rd century AD. 8⅞ in (22.6 cm) high. Sold for £10,625 on 8 December 2021 at Christie’s in London
A Roman amber glass amphoriskos, circa 3rd century AD. 8⅞ in (22.6 cm) high. Sold for £10,625 on 8 December 2021 at Christie’s in London
 
A Roman marbled glass flask, circa 1st century AD. 13½ in (34.3 cm) high. Sold for £32,500 on 8 December 2021 at Christie’s in London
A Roman marbled glass flask, circa 1st century AD. 13½ in (34.3 cm) high. Sold for £32,500 on 8 December 2021 at Christie’s in London

Stripes and spirals could be traced through molten glass or added in the form of glass thread. Thicker strips could also also be attached to the exterior of a vessel to create patterned handles.

Some examples had designs cut into the surface with a lathe; others had gold leaf sandwiched between layers of glass.

A Roman colour-band mosaic blue glass bottle, circa early to mid-1st century AD. 3½ in (8.8 cm) high. Sold for £21,250 on 7 July 2021 at Christie’s in London
A Roman colour-band mosaic blue glass bottle, circa early to mid-1st century AD. 3½ in (8.8 cm) high. Sold for £21,250 on 7 July 2021 at Christie’s in London
 
A late Roman glass jar, circa 4th-5th century AD. 3½ in (9 cm) high. Sold for £16,250 on 8 December 2021 at Christie’s in London
A late Roman glass jar, circa 4th-5th century AD. 3½ in (9 cm) high. Sold for £16,250 on 8 December 2021 at Christie’s in London

By the 1st century AD, however, the most precious Roman glass was colourless. This was because its creation required the use of complex chemistry to neutralise any tints. Pliny the Elder also noted that it resembled one of the most prized substances in the ancient world, and a favourite material of the emperor Nero: rock crystal.

A Roman pale blue glass pillar-moulded bowl, circa 1st century BCAD. 5⅛ in (13 cm) diameter. Sold for £10,625 on 8 December 2021 at Christie’s in London
A Roman pale blue glass pillar-moulded bowl, circa 1st century BC/AD. 5⅛ in (13 cm) diameter. Sold for £10,625 on 8 December 2021 at Christie’s in London

The pinnacle of Roman glass-making came in the 4th century AD with the invention of the ‘cage cup’ — an inner glass container with a separate ‘floating’ perforated panel of decoration around the outside. The production of cage cups was so complex that scholars still can’t agree on how they were made.

Only about 50 are known to exist today, and most of those are in fragments. The most famous example is the Lycurgus Cup in the British Museum. It is made of dichroic glass, another Roman invention, which contains tiny particles of gold and silver, causing it to change colour from red to green when held to the light.

What was Roman glass used for?

At the height of its popularity, glass was ubiquitous in nearly all aspects of daily Roman life, says Corsi.

Glass bottles called alabastra  and unguentaria — as well as glass boxes known as pyxides — held perfumes, oils and cosmetics used by women in their morning rituals.

A Roman cobalt blue glass pyxis with conical lid, circa second half of the 1st century AD. 2¼ in (5.7 cm) high without lid; 3⅛ in (7.9 cm) high with lid. Sold for £62,500 on 6 July 2016 at Christie’s in London
A Roman cobalt blue glass pyxis with conical lid, circa second half of the 1st century AD. 2¼ in (5.7 cm) high without lid; 3⅛ in (7.9 cm) high with lid. Sold for £62,500 on 6 July 2016 at Christie’s in London
 
A Roman green glass quadruple balsamarium, eastern Mediterranean, circa 4th century AD. 9⅛ in (23.4 cm) high. Sold for £2,750 on 8 December 2021 at Christie’s in London
A Roman green glass quadruple balsamarium, eastern Mediterranean, circa 4th century AD. 9⅛ in (23.4 cm) high. Sold for £2,750 on 8 December 2021 at Christie’s in London

In the evening, glass was commonplace at drinking parties, sometimes in the shape of two-handled cups known as scyphi, or like the beaker below, which has a Greek inscription — ‘Rejoice in that at which you are present’ — encouraging guests to live in the moment.

A Roman green glass beaker with inscription, circa mid 1st century AD. 3¼ in (8.2 cm) high. Sold for $6,250 on 12 October 2021 at Christie’s in New York
A Roman green glass beaker with inscription, circa mid 1st century AD. 3¼ in (8.2 cm) high. Sold for $6,250 on 12 October 2021 at Christie’s in New York

Larger glass vessels called amphoriskos  were used by merchants to ship food and drink around the empire. Archaeologists have uncovered Roman glass in Afghanistan, India and China.

Glass jewellery was popular, too. Glass was turned into beads and strung to create necklaces, or moulded into rings and bracelets. Engravers also cut glass to replicate the carved gems found in rings.

A Roman glass cameo fragment, circa early 1st century AD. 2 in (7 cm) long. Sold for £32,500 on 7 July 2021 at Christie’s in London
A Roman glass cameo fragment, circa early 1st century AD. 2 in (7 cm) long. Sold for £32,500 on 7 July 2021 at Christie’s in London

The Romans also used glass to create mosaic tiles, mirrors, window panes and strigils — the tools used to scrape off oil in bath houses.

A Roman green glass strigil, circa late 2nd-3rd century AD. 8½ in (21.6 cm) long. Sold for £8,125 on 7 July 2021 at Christie’s in London
A Roman green glass strigil, circa late 2nd-3rd century AD. 8½ in (21.6 cm) long. Sold for £8,125 on 7 July 2021 at Christie’s in London

What do collectors look for?

Condition is the most important factor, says Corsi. ‘Unless it’s something really special, like a cage cup or cameo, collectors want the object to be intact.

‘Second to that is the rarity of the shape, decoration and colour. Colourless glass commands a premium, as do vessels with intricate decoration, such as coloured glass threads or figurative scenes from mythology.’

A Roman pale purple glass Ajax amphoriskos, circa 1st century AD. 3⅜ in (8.5 cm) high. Sold for £74,500 on 6 July 2016 at Christie’s in London
A Roman pale purple glass Ajax amphoriskos, circa 1st century AD. 3⅜ in (8.5 cm) high. Sold for £74,500 on 6 July 2016 at Christie’s in London

In general, size doesn’t matter, adds the specialist, because unlike with ancient marbles or metalwork, you don’t find a huge variation. ‘Everything is relatively small,’ he says.

Two late Roman glass vessels, circa 4th-5th century AD. 7¼ in (18.5 cm) high max. Sold for £8,750 on 8 December 2021 at Christie’s in London
Two late Roman glass vessels, circa 4th-5th century AD. 7¼ in (18.5 cm) high max. Sold for £8,750 on 8 December 2021 at Christie’s in London

Some collectors also prize patina — an iridescent sheen that develops on glass when it has been underground for centuries. ‘It not only proves age, but it’s beautiful and it rubs off easily, so suggests an object hasn’t been over-handled,’ says Corsi.

And what about provenance? ‘Provenance is paramount in our field, and glass is no exception,’ says the specialist.

Selling at Christie’s

A step-by-step guide to consignment

‘A handful of ancient glass collections are particularly famous for their quality. Items from the Kofler-Truniger, Constable-Maxwell and Plesch collections always carry a premium.’

Why is its popularity increasing?

Roman glass provides a fascinating window into everyday life in the ancient world, but it can also work well with modern interiors.

‘Young collectors in particular are drawn to the range of bright colours and organic forms — they see the modern, sculptural quality of these pieces,’ says Corsi.

‘On top of that, in comparison with other fields, ancient glass is relatively affordable. Quality pieces can be found at auction for just a few hundred pounds, making it incredibly accessible — although prices are on the rise.’