...We don't know what dark matter is. What we do know is that the gravitational effects we see in the Universe cannot be accounted for by observable matter alone. For example, the rotation speed of galaxies would be quite different if it was based solely on the gravity from observable mass.
We also know that gravity can bend the path of light, like we see with gravitational lensing. This effect can also be used to map dark matter - once you subtract the gravitational effect of visible matter, what you have left is the gravitational effect of dark matter.
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